The primary mechanisms for resolving industrial disputes in India are conciliation, arbitration, and adjudication, as outlined in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. Conciliation involves a neutral third party mediating between disputing parties to reach a mutually agreeable settlement. Arbitration, whether voluntary or compulsory, involves a neutral arbitrator who makes a binding decision after hearing both sides. Adjudication involves referring the dispute to a Labour Court or Industrial Tribunal for a legally binding award.