The federal structure of the Indian Constitution is unique and often described as a “quasi-federal” system, combining elements of both federalism and unitarism. It divides powers between the Centre and the States through three lists in the Seventh Schedule: the Union List (exclusive to the Centre), the State List (exclusive to States), and the Concurrent List (shared by both). While this structure provides autonomy to the States, the Constitution grants greater powers to the Centre in matters of national importance, such as defense, foreign affairs, and currency.

In times of emergency, the Centre's authority further expands, allowing it to legislate even on State subjects. Articles like 245 to 263 define the legislative, administrative, and financial relations between the Centre and States. To maintain balance, institutions like the Inter-State Council, Finance Commission, and Supreme Court play key roles in resolving disputes and ensuring cooperative federalism. Thus, while the Indian Constitution leans toward centralization, it still seeks to maintain a delicate balance of power to uphold unity while respecting regional diversity.

lishes a quasi-federal structure, balancing the powers between the central (Union) government and the state governments. This is achieved through a division of powers, with the Constitution outlining subjects of legislation for both the Union and the States, and a concurrent list where both can legislate. A written and rigid Constitution, an independent judiciary, and a bicameral legislature further solidify this federal framework.
Key Features of India's Federal Structure:
Division of Powers:
The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution divides legislative powers into three lists: the Union List (subjects of national importance like defense, currency, etc.), the State List (subjects of local importance like public order, police, etc.), and the Concurrent List (subjects where both can legislate, like education, forests, etc.).
Written and Rigid Constitution:
The Indian Constitution is a comprehensive written document that clearly defines the powers and responsibilities of both the Union and the States. It is also rigid, requiring special procedures for amendments, particularly those affecting federal relations.
Supremacy of the Constitution:
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, binding on all levels of government. Any law that violates the Constitution can be challenged in court.
Independent Judiciary:
The judiciary, led by the Supreme Court, acts as the guardian of the Constitution and resolves disputes between the Union and States.
Bicameral Legislature:
The Indian Parliament has two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The Rajya Sabha represents the interests of the States, ensuring their participation in the legislative process.
Financial Provisions:
The Constitution provides for the sharing of revenue between the Union and the States.
Inter-State Councils:
The Constitution provides for the establishment of Inter-State Councils to resolve disputes and ensure coordination between the Centre and the States.

Federal Features:
Division of Powers:
The Seventh Schedule divides legislative powers into Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
The Union List has subjects of national importance (e.g., defense, foreign affairs), while the State List includes local matters (e.g., police, public health).
Dual Government:
Powers and responsibilities are distributed between the Centre and States, each functioning independently within their spheres.
Written Constitution and Supremacy:
The Constitution is a written legal document with supremacy, ensuring a clear framework for power-sharing.
Independent Judiciary:
The Supreme Court acts as the guardian of the Constitution and arbiter of Centre-State disputes.
Unitary Bias and Balancing Mechanisms:
In times of emergency (Articles 352, 356, 360), powers become centralized.
The Union can legislate on State subjects in certain conditions (e.g., national interest, emergency).
Finance Commission and institutions like the Inter-State Council help resolve fiscal and policy conflicts.
Conclusion:
India's federal structure maintains a delicate balance—allowing autonomy to States while ensuring unity and integrity through central oversight.