Self-defense, as recognized under Sections 34 to 44 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, allows a person to use reasonable force to protect themselves, others, or property from imminent danger. However, this right is not unlimited. The law permits private defense only when there is a clear and immediate threat, and the force used must be proportionate to the harm apprehended. Once the threat has ceased, or if there is time to seek protection from public authorities, the right to private defense does not apply.

If someone exceeds this right—by using excessive force, attacking without provocation, or acting out of revenge—it becomes vigilantism, which is illegal. The BNS clearly outlines that self-defense is a protective right, not a license for retaliation or punishment. Therefore, while individuals are empowered to defend themselves under the law, any action beyond necessity and proportionality is punishable and falls outside the legal protection of self-defense.