If a spouse refuses to give divorce or attend court proceedings, the court can proceed ex parte (in their absence) after ensuring proper notice. Divorce may still be granted based on the evidence presented, and non-attendance does not automatically prevent the case from continuing.

To draft a power of attorney for legal and financial matters, clearly state the name and details of the principal and the agent (attorney-in-fact), specify the powers granted (e.g., managing finances, signing documents), mention the duration and any conditions, and include the principal’s signature with notarization for validity.

In a civil suit, frame issues of fact by identifying the key disputed facts between parties, and issues of law by pinpointing the legal questions arising from those facts. Clearly separate factual controversies from legal interpretations to guide the court in examining evidence and applying the law.

The Law of the Sea, governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), sets rules for maritime boundaries, navigation rights, and resource use. It defines zones like territorial sea, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and continental shelf, regulating how countries claim and manage maritime areas.

Legal remedies for cruelty or domestic violence include filing a complaint under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), seeking protection orders, residence orders, and maintenance, and pursuing criminal charges under relevant IPC sections like 498A for cruelty. Victims can also request counseling and legal aid.

To avoid professional negligence, always adhere to industry standards, maintain clear communication with clients, keep accurate records, stay updated with laws and regulations, obtain proper consent, and act with due care, skill, and diligence in your professional duties.

Small companies and startups under the Companies Act must comply with simplified filing requirements, maintain statutory registers, hold annual general meetings, file annual returns and financial statements, and follow audit exemptions if applicable. They must also adhere to director and shareholder rules and ensure timely tax and regulatory filings.

To draft an affidavit for court submission, write a clear, truthful statement of facts, starting with your full name, age, and address. Use first person, number each paragraph, and sign the affidavit in the presence of a notary or authorized officer, who will then verify it with their signature and seal.

An extra-judicial confession is a statement made outside the court admitting guilt. It is admissible as evidence but not conclusive, meaning the court can consider it along with other evidence but cannot convict solely based on it.

The elements required to prove negligence are:

Duty of care,

Breach of that duty,

Causation (the breach caused harm), and

Actual damages or injury.