A person can challenge a wrongful dismissal from a government job by filing a representation or appeal with the appropriate departmental authority. If not resolved, they can approach the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) or State Administrative Tribunal, and further appeal to the High Court or Supreme Court under writ jurisdiction (Articles 226 and 32 of the Constitution) for violation of constitutional or service rights.

If a person’s fundamental rights are violated by a government authority, they can file a writ petition directly in the High Court (Article 226) or the Supreme Court (Article 32) of India. They may also seek help from the National or State Human Rights Commission or approach legal aid services for assistance.

A victim of domestic violence can seek protection by filing a complaint with the police, approaching a Protection Officer, or contacting helplines like 181. They can also get free legal aid through the District Legal Services Authority and file for protection, residence, or maintenance under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

A citizen can file a complaint about illegal construction or encroachment by approaching the local Municipal Corporation or Development Authority. The complaint can be submitted online through the official website or in person at the ward office, along with supporting documents like photos or property records. They can also file a grievance through helplines or public grievance portals like CPGRAMS (Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System).

In civil law jurisdictions, arbitration is more inquisitorial, with judges or arbitrators playing an active role in gathering evidence. Proceedings are usually written, and there’s less focus on cross-examination.

In common law jurisdictions, arbitration is more adversarial, with parties controlling the process. There is greater emphasis on oral hearings, witness cross-examinations, and discovery.

Overall, civil law focuses on efficiency and written procedure, while common law emphasizes party autonomy and oral advocacy.

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 retains the exception for marital rape, meaning forced sex by a husband with his wife (above 18 years) is not considered rape under the law.

However, BNS introduces gender-neutral language in some sexual offences, especially those involving children or unnatural acts. But the general definition of rape under BNS remains gender-specific, with the victim as female and the accused as male.

So, while BNS shows some progress in gender neutrality, it does not criminalize marital rape and does not fully adopt gender-neutral rape laws

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 strengthens laws on corporate criminal liability and white-collar crimes. It allows companies to be held liable even without mens rea, increases penalties for fraud and cheating, and holds responsible officers accountable. It also covers modern crimes like cyber fraud and aims to deter financial misconduct.

The Constitution of India provides five types of writs under Article 32 and Article 226 to protect Fundamental Rights. These are:

Habeas Corpus – "Produce the body": Issued to release a person who is illegally detained.

Mandamus – "We command": Issued to a public official to perform their legal duty.

Prohibition – Issued by a higher court to stop a lower court from exceeding its jurisdiction.

Certiorari – Issued by a higher court to quash an order passed by a lower court which acted beyond its authority.

Quo-Warranto – "By what authority": Issued to challenge the legality of a person holding a public office.

Article 25 of the Indian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, allowing every individual the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate their religion. It promotes religious tolerance and secularism, but is subject to public order, morality, and health, and allows the state to regulate religious practices. It’s a key article balancing individual rights with social harmony.

Writs under the Indian Constitution are legal remedies to protect fundamental rights. The Supreme Court (Article 32) and High Courts (Article 226) can issue them. There are five types:
1. Habeas Corpus – “Produce the body”
Issued to release a person unlawfully detained.
2. Mandamus – “We command”
Orders a public official or authority to perform a duty.
3. Prohibition – Stops a lower court from acting beyond its powers.
4. Certiorari – Transfers a case from a lower court to a higher one or quashes its order if done illegally.
5. Quo Warranto – “By what authority”
Prevents a person from holding a public office unlawfully.