The doctrine of proportionality dictates that restrictions on fundamental rights must be necessary and appropriate to achieve a legitimate aim, without being excessive. It's a legal principle that ensures limitations on rights are justifiable and proportionate to the objective they are meant to serve.

The Governor of a state in India is a crucial figure, acting as the head of the executive branch and representing the President of India at the state level. While primarily a constitutional figurehead, the Governor has specific powers and duties, including appointing the Chief Minister, summoning and proroguing the state legislature, and giving assent to bills. However, the office is not without potential for misuse, particularly in the context of political maneuvering and the imposition of President's Rule.

Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, which allows for the imposition of President's Rule in a state, is a contentious provision. While it's intended as a safeguard against the failure of constitutional machinery in a state, it has often been criticized as a tool for political subversion and has been misused for partisan gains, according to legal affairs documents.

Cross-border mergers in India face a multitude of legal challenges, including navigating complex regulatory approvals, dealing with foreign investment restrictions, and complying with tax laws and transfer pricing regulations across multiple jurisdictions. Additionally, cultural differences, operational integration complexities, and potential disputes over intellectual property rights can further complicate these transactions.

Generally, a holding company is not liable for the debts and obligations of its subsidiary, as they are considered separate legal entities. However, there are exceptions where the holding company can be held liable, particularly when the subsidiary is deemed its "alter ego" or when the holding company has exerted excessive control and involvement in the subsidiary's operations, potentially leading to fraud, injustice, or improper conduct.

Non-compliance with company law provisions in India can result in a range of penalties, including fines, imprisonment, or both, depending on the specific violation. For instance, failure to file annual returns can lead to fines up to INR 5,00,000. Additionally, certain defaults can incur daily penalties until compliance is achieved. Beyond financial penalties, non-compliance can also lead to legal actions, damage to the company's reputation, and disruptions in business operations.

The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) plays a crucial role in corporate restructuring by acting as the adjudicating authority for mergers, acquisitions, and insolvency proceedings. It ensures that such processes adhere to legal frameworks, protect stakeholder interests, and promote fair practices.

A demerger, which involves dividing a company into separate entities, has significant legal implications. These include navigating regulatory approvals, updating registrations (like GST), and addressing potential tax consequences, including capital gains tax exemptions under specific circumstances. The process also involves ensuring proper asset transfers, addressing liabilities, and potentially dealing with legal disputes arising from the demerger.

In the context of mergers and acquisitions (M&A), due diligence is a thorough investigation and analysis of a target company conducted by the potential acquirer to verify information, assess risks, and ensure the deal is worthwhile. It's a crucial process that helps buyers make informed decisions and protects them from potential liabilities or unexpected issues after the acquisition.

Slump sale is one of the methods of business restructuring. Under this method, certain assets and liabilities are sold together for a lump sum sale consideration without determining the individual values of assets and liabilities sold.