Non-compliance with the Industrial Disputes Act can lead to fines up to ₹5,000 and imprisonment up to six months. For the Contract Labour Act, violations can result in up to three months’ imprisonment or a fine up to ₹1,000.

The Directive Principles of State Policy guide the government in making laws to promote social and economic welfare. They influence labour legislation by encouraging the state to ensure fair wages, humane working conditions, equal pay for equal work, and protection for workers, especially in vulnerable sectors. These principles aim to establish social justice and improve the quality of life for workers across India.

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) retains the exception for marital rape, meaning forced sex by a husband is not considered rape if the wife is above 18. The law is not fully gender-neutral, as it defines rape with a male perpetrator and female victim, though some provisions address sexual crimes against men and transgender persons. This has led to criticism for not recognizing marital rape and lacking full gender neutrality.

Article 19 guarantees citizens six freedoms, including speech, assembly, movement, and profession. However, these rights are not absolute and can be limited through reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order, security, morality, and sovereignty. For example, freedom of speech cannot be used to spread hate or incite violence. Courts ensure that restrictions are justified and not excessive, balancing individual liberty with public interest.

The six Fundamental Rights are Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies.
Article 14 protects the Right to Equality by ensuring equal treatment before the law and equal protection of laws for all persons.

Fundamental Rights are justiciable and enforceable by courts, while Directive Principles are non-justiciable guidelines for the government to promote social welfare.
Fundamental Duties are not legally enforceable but serve as moral obligations for citizens.

The essentials of a valid Hiba (gift under Muslim law) are: declaration of the gift by the donor, acceptance by the donee, and delivery of possession. The donor must be competent and the gift must be made voluntarily without force or fraud.

AI can help in faster case analysis, predicting crime patterns, and managing legal documents. It assists in identifying suspects through facial recognition and improves decision-making with data analysis. AI also reduces workload for police and courts, leading to quicker justice delivery.

Lok Sabha is the lower house of Parliament and represents the people, while Rajya Sabha is the upper house and represents the states. Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the public, whereas Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures. Lok Sabha has more power in financial matters and can be dissolved, but Rajya Sabha is a permanent body.

The Doctrine of Basic Structure is a principle developed by the Supreme Court of India which states that while Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution, it cannot alter or destroy its basic features. This doctrine was established in the Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973. Elements like the supremacy of the Constitution, rule of law, separation of powers, judicial review, and fundamental rights are considered part of the basic structure and cannot be taken away even by a constitutional amendment.

The interpretation of the Constitution has evolved through landmark judgments by the Supreme Court. In *Kesavananda Bharati* case (1973), the Court introduced the basic structure doctrine, limiting Parliament's power to amend the Constitution. In *Maneka Gandhi* case (1978), the right to life was interpreted to include the right to travel and live with dignity. In Navtej Singh Johar case (2018), the Court decriminalized homosexuality, expanding the scope of individual liberty. These judgments show how the Constitution is interpreted to meet changing social and legal needs.